I can't duplicate your error.
Today I downloaded sqlite 3.6.23 source, stuck it in with my copy of the source for system.data.sqlite, built it. Passes all the tests in test.exe. I wrote a small program to test GetSchemaTable, and it worked with no error.
system.data.sqlite is the hardest project to build I have seen; mulitple targets/platforms, a designer, and setup.. too bad there isn't a readme on it. I hope system.data.sqlite releases a new version soon.