CAST is documented here: http://www.sqlite.org/lang_expr.html
Core functions here: http://www.sqlite.org/lang_corefunc.html
Date functions here: http://www.sqlite.org/lang_datefunc.html
System.Data.SQLite also adds the following functions to the engine:
acos, asin, atan, atn2, atan2, acosh, asinh, atanh, difference, degrees, radians, cos, sin, tan, cot, cosh, sinh, tanh, coth, exp, log, log10, power, sign, sqrt, square, ceil, floor, pi, replicate, charindex, leftstr, rightstr, reverse, proper, padl, padr, padc, strfilter, and aggregates stdev, variance, mode, median, lower_quartile, upper_quartile.
As documented in the readme file: http://sqlite.phxsoftware.com/readme.htm
You can also add your own user defined functions. Here is an example: http://sqlite.phxsoftware.com/forums/p/1358/6156.aspx#6156